La concentrada geografía legal de la propiedad privada rural en Chile: ¿una oportunidad para los VGGT?
- Rural Property,
- Land Concentration,
- Climate Change,
- Legal Geography,
- VGGT
Abstract Views: 0 | Downloads: 0
Abstract
En este artículo investigo la trayectoria e intensidad de la concentración de la tierra en Chile en un contexto marcado por los efectos del cambio climático en las zonas rurales. En este sentido, ofrezco una perspectiva analítica que considera este fenómeno como una expresión geográfica del sistema de tenencia de la tierra, caracterizado por su vocación individual, absoluta y excluyente de la propiedad privada. En segundo lugar, para cuantificar su trayectoria, organizo sistemáticamente los datos recogidos en los Censos Agrarios realizados entre 1965 y 2021, revelando una presencia significativa del fenómeno tanto en las tierras de regadío como en las de secano situadas en las regiones con mayor potencial agrícola. A partir de lo anterior, argumento que las Directrices Voluntarias sobre la Gobernanza Responsable de la Tenencia (VGGT) tienen la capacidad de articular un diálogo para reconsiderar el contenido y los límites de la geografía legal de la propiedad rural en Chile, con el fin de fortalecer un sistema de tenencia capaz de ofrecer una alternativa coordinada y colaborativa a los efectos del cambio climático en las zonas rurales.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2025 Eduardo Villavicencio

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
- Anseeuw, W., Lay, J., Messerli, P., Giger, M., & Taylor, M. (2013). Creating a public tool to assess and promote transparency in global land deals: The experience of the Land Matrix. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2013.803071
- Babie, P. (2010a). Idea, Sovereignty, Eco-colonialism and the Future: Four Reflections on Private Property and Climate Change. Griffith Law Review, 19(3), 527–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2010.10854687
- Babie, P. (2010b). Private Property: The Solution or The Source of The Problem? Amsterdam Law Forum, 2(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.37974/ALF.115
- Barraclough, S. L. (1973). Agrarian Structure in Latin America: A Resume of the CIDA Land Tenure Studies Of: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru. Lexington Books.
- Bauluz, L., Govind, Y., & Novokmet, F. (2020). Global Land Inequality. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03022360
- Bellisario, A. (2013). La reforma agraria chilena. Reformismo, socialismo y neoliberalismo, 1964-1980. Historia Agraria, 32.
- Bengoa, J. (2013). Rural Chile Transformed: Lights and Shadows: Rural Chile Transformed: Lights and Shadows. Journal of Agrarian Change, 13(4), 466–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12015
- Berbeka, T., & Neuvellon, J. (2020). Farm structure and land concentration – evidence from France. Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists, XXII(4), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5960
- Blomley, N. (2004). The boundaries of property: Lessons from Beatrix Potter. The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe Canadien, 48(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-3658.2004.00049.x
- Blomley, N. (2019). The territorialization of property in land: Space, power and practice. Territory, Politics, Governance, 7(2), 233–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2017.1359107
- Borras, S. M., & Franco, J. C. (2013). Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions ‘From Below’. Third World Quarterly, 34(9), 1723–1747. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.843845
- Borras, S. M., & Franco, J. C. (2024). Land rush. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2024.2317961
- Borras, S. M., Kay, C., Gómez, S., & Wilkinson, J. (2012). Land grabbing and global capitalist accumulation: Key features in Latin America. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne d’études Du Développement, 33(4), 402–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2012.745394
- Burger, A. (2001). Agricultural development and land concentration in a central European country: A case study of Hungary. Land Use Policy, 18(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(01)00023-0
- Burja, V., Tamas-Szora, A., & Dobra, I. B. (2020). Land Concentration, Land Grabbing and Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Romania. Sustainability, 12(5), 2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052137
- Butler, L. L. (2022). Property, climate change, and accountability. In N. Graham, M. Davies, & L. Godden, The Routledge Handbook of Property, Law and Society (1st edn, pp. 287–296). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003139614-28
- Cipollina, M., Cuffaro, N., & D’Agostino, G. (2018). Land Inequality and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis. Sustainability, 10(12), 4655. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124655
- Cordero Quinzacara, E., & Aldunate Lizana, E. (2008). Evolución histórica del concepto de propiedad. Revista de Estudios Histórico-Jurídicos, 30. https://doi.org/10/fk2kf5
- Critchley, W., Harari, N., Mollee, E., Mekdaschi-Studer, R., & Eichenberger, J. (2023). Sustainable Land Management and Climate Change Adaptation for Small-Scale Land Users in Sub-Saharan Africa. Land, 12(6), 1206. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061206
- de Soto, H. (2002). Law and Property Outside the West: A Few New Ideas about Fighting Poverty. Forum for Development Studies, 29(2), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039410.2002.9666211
- Echenique, J. (2013). Dinámicas del mercado de la tierra en América Latina y el Caribe: Concentración y extranjerización (F. Soto Baquero & S. Gómez, Eds). FAO.
- FAO. (2012). Directrices voluntarias sobre la gobernanza responsable de la tenencia de la tierra, la pesca y los bosques en el contexto de la seguridad alimentaria nacional. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura.
- FAO. (2014). Reflexiones sobre la concentración y extranjerización de la tierra en América Latina y el Caribe. FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7bf39630-c52c-42dd-afaf-dcd32f6c813c/content
- FAO. (2024). The unjust climate – Measuring the impacts of climate change on rural poor, women and youth. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9680en
- Galor, O., & Moav, O. (2009). Inequality in Landownership, the Emergence of Human-Capital Promoting Institutions, and the Great Divergence. REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00506.x
- Gerber, J.-D., Hartmann, T., & Hengstermann, A. (Eds). (2018). Instruments of Land Policy: Dealing with Scarcity of Land (First Edition). Routledge.
- Glass, J., Morran, R. M., & Thomson, S. (n.d.). Report prepared for Scottish Land Commission.
- Gomez, S., & Echenique, J. (1991). La agricultura chilena, las dos caras de la modernización. (Tercera). FLACSO.
- González, F., Gallego, F., Marshall, G., G. Díaz, J., & I. Cuesta, J. (2017). La reforma agraria chilena: Hechos estilizados a la luz de una nueva base de datos. Estudios Públicos, 146. https://doi.org/10/gssvtx
- González U, J., & Velasco H, R. (2008). Evaluation of the Impact of Climatic Change on the Economic Value of Land in Agricultural Systems in Chile. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 68(1). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392008000100006
- Graham, N. (2011). Lawscape: Property, environment, law. Routledge.
- Graham, N. (2012). Dephysicalisation and entitlement: Legal and cultural discourses of place as property. In B. Jessup & K. Rubenstein (Eds), Environmental Discourses in Public and International Law (1st edn, pp. 96–120). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139094610.008
- Graham, N. (2020). Dephysicalised Property and Shadow Lands. In R. Bartel (Ed.), Graham, Nicole G., Dephysicalised Property and Shadow Lands (December 18, 2019). N. Graham, ‘Dephysicalised Property and Shadow Lands’ in R. Bartel and J. Carter (Eds) “Handbook on Law, Space and Place”, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, 2020 (Forthcoming), Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 19/83, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3505790. Edward Elgar Publishing. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3505790
- Guereña, A. (2016). Desterrados: Tierra, poder y desigualdad en América Latina (p. 99). OXFAM.
- Gwynne, R. N., & Kay, C. (1997). Agrarian Change and the Democratic Transition in Chile: An Introduction. Bulletin of Latin American Research, 16(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-9856.1997.tb00155.x
- IFAD. (2019). Creating opportunities for rural youth (Rural Development Report). International Fund for Agricultural Development.
- Ilc, & Oxfam. (2020). Unever Ground. La desigualdad de la tierra en el corazón de las sociedades desiguales.
- INE. (2007). Cambios Estructurales en la Agricultura Chilena. Análisis Intercensal 1976—1997—2007. Instituto Nacional de Estadística.
- Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change. (2022). Climate Change and Land: IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems (1st edn). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988
- IPES-Food. (2024). Land Squeeze: What is driving unprecedented pressures on global farmland and what can be done to achieve equitable access to land?
- Jansen, K. (2015). The debate on food sovereignty theory: Agrarian capitalism, dispossession and agroecology. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.945166
- Jansen, L. J. M., & Kalas, P. P. (2020). Improving Governance of Tenure in Policy and Practice: A Conceptual Basis to Analyze Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships for Multi-Stakeholder Transformative Governance Illustrated with an Example from South Africa. Sustainability, 12(23), 9901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239901
- Jefferies, A. (1971). Agrarian Reform in Chile. Geographical Association, 56(3), 221–230.
- Kalfas, D., Kalogiannidis, S., Papaevangelou, O., & Chatzitheodoridis, F. (2024). Assessing the Connection between Land Use Planning, Water Resources, and Global Climate Change. Water, 16(2), 333. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16020333
- Kay, C. (1975). Agrarian reform and the transition to socialism in Chile, 1970–1973. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 2(4), 418–445. https://doi.org/10/d8427s
- Kay, C. (1977). Types of agrarian reform and their contradictions: The case of Chile. Sociologia Ruralis, 17(1), 203–222. https://doi.org/10/cp8rrn
- Kay, C. (1980). Política Económica, Alianza de Clases y Cambios Agrarios en Chile. Economia, 3(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10/gssvvm
- Kay, C. (1981). La Política Agraria Del Gobierno Militar De Chile. El Trimestre Económico, 48(191(3)), 567–601.
- Kay, C. (1996). The Agrarian Question in Chile since the Democratic Transition.
- Leal Filho, W., Stojanov, R., Wolf, F., Matandirotya, N. R., Ploberger, C., Ayal, D. Y., Azam, F. M. S., AL-Ahdal, T. M. A., Sarku, R., Tchouaffe Tchiadje, N. F., Manolas, E., & Li, C. (2022). Assessing Uncertainties in Climate Change Adaptation and Land Management. Land, 11(12), 2226. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122226
- Ley de Reforma Agraria, Pub. L. No. 16.640 (1967). https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=28596&idParte=&idVersion=1989-01-07
- Ley Sobre Recuperación Del Bosque Nativo y Fomento Forestal., Pub. L. No. LEY SOBRE RECUPERACIÓN DEL BOSQUE NATIVO Y FOMENTO FORESTAL (2008).
- Locke, A., & Henley, G. (2013). The Possible Shape of a Land Transparency Initiative (Shaping Policy for Development, p. 76).
- McBride, G. M. (1930). The Agrarian Problem in Chile. Geographical Review, 20(4), 574–586. https://doi.org/10/dpxsvt
- Mejías, W. (2025). Análisis de la concentración de la tierra con uso silvoagropecuario en Chile. Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias. https://bibliotecadigital.odepa.gob.cl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12650/73846/Art_AnalisisConcentraci%c3%b3nTierraUsoSilvoagropecuarioChile.pdf
- Melo, O., & Foster, W. (2021). Agricultural and Forestry Land and Labor Use under Long-Term Climate Change in Chile. Atmosphere, 12(3), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030305
- Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia. (2017). Encuesta CASEN.
- Moreno, R. (2014). Sin Reforma Agraria no habría sido posible: Memorias de la Reforma Agraria chilena 1958-1970. Ediciones Copygraph. http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-341612.html
- Murray, W. E. (2006). Neo-feudalism in Latin America? Globalisation, agribusiness, and land re-concentration in Chile. Journal of Peasant Studies, 33(4), 646–677. https://doi.org/10/ccjb3b
- Nedelsky, J. (2022). A relational approach to property. In N. Graham, M. Davies, & L. Godden, The Routledge Handbook of Property, Law and Society (1st edn, pp. 325–336). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003139614-31
- Novoa, E. (1982). Una evolución inadvertida: El derecho de propiedad. Revista Mensaje, 31(306), 26–31.
- Novoa, E. (1989). El derecho de propiedad privada: Concepto, evolución y crítica. (2 Edición). Centro de Estudios Políticos Latinoamericanos.
- ODEPA. (2019). Panorama de la agricultura chilena—2019 / Chilean agriculture overview. ODEPA.
- ODEPA. (2023). Evaluación de los efectos adversos del cambio climático y riesgos actuales y proyectados para el sector silvoagropecuario en el marco del plan de adaptación nacional al cambio climático del sector silvoagropecuario (PANCC SAP) 2023-2027.
- Palšová, L., Bandlerová, A., & Machničová, Z. (2021). Land Concentration and Land Grabbing Processes—Evidence from Slovakia. Land, 10(8), 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10080873
- Piet, L., Latruffe, L., Le Mouel, C., & Desjeux, Y. (2012). How do agricultural policies influence farm size inequality? The example of France. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 39(1), 5–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbr035
- Plogmann, J., Mußhoff, O., Odening, M., & Ritter, M. (2022). Farm growth and land concentration. Land Use Policy, 115, 106036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106036
- Popovici, E.-A., Mitrică, B., & Mocanu, I. (2018). Land concentration and land grabbing: Implications for the socio-economic development of rural communities in south-eastern Romania. Outlook on Agriculture, 47(3), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727018781138
- Rasva, M., & Jürgenson, E. (2022). Agricultural Land Concentration in Estonia and Its Containment Possibilities. Land, 11(12), 2270. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122270
- Roberts, M. J., & Key, N. (2008). Agricultural Payments and Land Concentration: A Semiparametric Spatial Regression Analysis. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 90(3), 627–643. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2008.01144.x
- Seufert, P. (2013). The FAO Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests. Globalizations, 10(1), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2013.764157
- Shields, K. (2022). A Review of Evidence on Land Acquisition Powers and Land Ownership Restrictions in European Countries (Agriculture, Enviroment and Marine). Scotish Goverment. https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2022/12/review-evidence-land-acquisition-powers-land-ownership-restrictions-european-countries/documents/review-evidence-land-acquisition-powers-land-ownership-restrictions-european-countries/review-evidence-land-acquisition-powers-land-ownership-restrictions-european-countries/govscot%3Adocument/review-evidence-land-acquisition-powers-land-ownership-restrictions-european-countries.pdf
- Silva, P. (1987). Estado, neoliberalismo y política agraria en Chile, 1973-1981. CEDLA ; Distribuido por Foris Publications.
- Sobrino-García, I. (2023). How Can the Adoption of the Voluntary Guidelines Improve Public Policy and Women’s Access to Agricultural Land in Mexico, Guatemala, and Bolivia? Laws, 12(3), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12030044
- Soto Baquero, F., & Gómez, S. (Eds). (2013). Dinámicas del mercado de la tierra en América Latina y el Caribe: Concentración y extranjerización. FAO.
- Soto, H. D. (2001). The Mystery Of Capital. Black Swan.
- Stessa Chao, T. (2018). A Taiwan perspective on reference land values: The hare and the hedgehogs – chasing real price levels with public market information. In J.-D. Gerber, T. Hartmann, & A. Hengstermann (Eds), Instruments of Land Policy: Dealing with Scarcity of Land (First Edition). Routledge.
- Torres, R., Azócar, G., Rojas, J., Montecinos, A., & Paredes, P. (2015). Vulnerability and resistance to neoliberal environmental changes: An assessment of agriculture and forestry in the Biobio region of Chile (1974–2014). Geoforum, 60, 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.12.013
- Tramel, S. (2019). The Tenure Guidelines in Policy and Practice: Democratizing Land Control in Guatemala. Land, 8(11), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8110168
- Valdes, A., & Foster, W. (2014). The Agrarian Reform Experiment in Chile: History, Impact, and Implications. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10/gssvtq
- Valdés, A., & Foster, W. (2015). La reforma agraria en Chile (1st edn). Ediciones UC; JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1bhkq43
- Valdes, A., & Foster, W. (2018). Agricultural and Rural Policies in Chile (pp. 291–308). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813226463_0013
- Vargas, D., & Luiselli, C. (2020). Methodological considerations on land inequality. International Land Coalition. https://d3o3cb4w253x5q.cloudfront.net/media/documents/2021_3_land_inequality_data_paper_methodological_considerations_low_res.pdf
- Villavicencio-Pinto, E. (2020). Estrategias de acaparamiento en Chile. Una mirada desde la concentración de la propiedad rural analizando algunos casos de Land Matrix. (No. 2; Dossier). Fundapaz.
- Villela, H. (1979). Autoritarismo y tenencia de la tierra: Chile 1973-1976. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 41(1), 205–241. https://doi.org/10/fpxns8
- Villela, H. (2019). Saqueo y exterminio de la clase campesina chilena: La contra reforma agraria del régimen civil y militar, 1973-1976 (1a. ed.). LOM Ediciones.
- Vollrath, D. (2006). Geography and the Determinants of Land Distribution: Evidence from the United States. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.938010
- Vollrath, D. (2021). Land Distribution and International Agricultural Productivity. 16.
- Voß, W., & Bannert, J. (2018). Reference land values in Germany. In J.-D. Gerber, T. Hartmann, & A. Hengstermann (Eds), Instruments of Land Policy: Dealing with Scarcity of Land (First Edition). Routledge.
